The job insecurity-performance relationship in Germany and China: the buffering effect of uncertainty avoidance
Keywords:
Job insecurity, uncertainty avoidance, job performanceAbstract
Job insecurity is related to many negative outcomes, including reduced performance. The present research aimed to investigate two different types of job insecurity (quantitative and qualitative) in relation to job performance in two cultural contexts (Germany and China). Moreover, uncertainty avoidance (UAI) has been suggested as a buffer in these relationships, yet UAI has only been tested on a country-level. Therefore, the present study investigated individual-level UAI as a buffer in the relationship between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity and performance. We sampled 374 German and 197 Chinese employees. Results from the German context suggest that quantitative and qualitative job insecurity are both problematic and may negatively impact performance. Furthermore, uncertainty avoidance acted as a buffer in these relationships. However, there was no negative effect of job insecurity for Chinese employees. Thus, whether job insecurity has a negative influence on job performance appears to depend on cultural context.
Downloads
References
Ahlstrom, D. (2012). On the types of papers the Asia Pacific Journal of Management generally publishes, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29, 1-7.
Armstrong-Stassen, M. (1993). Survivors' reactions to a workforce reduction: a comparison of blue-collar workers and their supervisors. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 10, 334.
Brislin, R.W. (1980), Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials, in Triandis, H.C. and Berry, J.W. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (pp. 389-444). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Brockner, J., Grover, S., Reed, T. F., & Dewitt, R. L. (1992). Layoffs, job insecurity, and survivors' work effort: Evidence of an inverted-U relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 413-425. doi: 10.2307/256380
Cheng, G. H. L., & Chan, D. K. S. (2008). Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta‐analytic review. Applied Psychology, 57, 272-303. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00312.x
Cheng, J. Y., & Li, Q. (2002). Reforming Labor Relations in China's State-Owned Enterprises: The Impact of Balancing Measures. Issues & Studies, 38, 85-121.
Chow, J.Y.S., Fung, K.Y., & Ngo, H.Y. (1999). Job turnover in China: A case study of Shanghai’s manufacturing enterprises. Industrial Relations, 38, 482-503. doi: 10.1111/0019-8676.00140
Debus, M. E., Probst, T. M., König, C. J., & Kleinmann, M. (2012). Catch me if I fall! Enacted uncertainty avoidance and the social safety net as country-level moderators in the job insecurity–job attitudes link. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 90-698. doi: 10.1037/a0027832
De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2008). Job insecurity and employability among temporary workers: A theoretical approach based on the psychological contract. In K. Näswall, J. Hellgren, & M. Sverke, (Eds.) The individual in the changing working life (pp. 88-107). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational psychology, 8, 155-177.
De Witte, H. (2000). Arbeidsethos en jobonzekerheid: Meting en gevolgen voor welzijn, tevredenheid en inzet op het werk [Work ethic and job insecurity: Measurement and consequences for well-being, satisfaction and productivity]. In R. Bouwen, K. De Witte, H. De Witte, & T. Taillieu (Eds.), Van groep naar gemeenschap. Liber amicorum Prof. Dr Leo Lagrou (pp. 325 –350). Leuven: Garant.
De Witte, H., De Cuyper, N., Vander Elst, T., Vanbelle, E., & Niesen, W. (2012). Job insecurity: Review of the literature and a summary of recent studies from Belgium. Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 14, 11-17.
De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., & De Cuyper, N. (2015) Job Insecurity, Health and Well-Being. In Y. Vuori, Blonk, R., & Price, R. (Eds.), Sustainable Working Lives (pp. 109-128). Netherlands: Springer.
Dong, Q.J. (2009). User acceptance of information technology innovations in the Chinese cultural context. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 17, 129-149. Doi 10.1080/19761597.2009.9668676
Fischer, R., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2012). Are cultural values the same as the values of individuals? An examination of similarities in personal, social and cultural value structures. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 12,157-170. doi: 10.1177/1470595812439867
Fischer, R., Vauclair, C. M., Fontaine, J. R., & Schwartz, S. H. (2010). Are individual-level and country-level value structures different? Testing Hofstede’s legacy with the Schwartz Value Survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 135-151. doi: 10.1177//0022022109354377
Flynn, B. B., & Saladin, B. (2006). Relevance of Baldrige constructs in an international context: A study of national culture. Journal of Operations Management, 24, 583-603. doi: 10.1016/j.jom.2005.09.002
Gallie, D. (Ed.). (2013). Economic crisis, quality of work, and social integration: the European experience. Oxford University Press.
Germany profile. OECD. 2013, April. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/els/emp/Germany.pdf
Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job Insecurity: Toward Conceptual Clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9, 438–448. doi: 10.5465/AMR.1984.4279673
Handaja, Y., & De Witte, H. (2007). Kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve baanonzekerheid: samenhangen met arbeidstevredenheid en psychisch welzijn [Quantitative and qualitative job insecurity: Associations with job satisfaction and mental well-being]. Gedrag & Organisatie, 20, 137–159.
Hayes AF. PROCESS (Computer software); 2012.
Hellgren, J., & Sverke, M. (2003). Does job insecurity lead to impaired well‐being or vice versa? Estimation of cross‐lagged effects using latent variable modelling. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 215-236. doi: 10.1002/job.184
Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999). A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 179-195. doi: 10.1080/135943299398311.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Hofstede, G.H. & Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. London: Sage.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., Minkov, M., & Vinken, H. (2008). Values survey module 2008. Retrieved from http://www. geerthofstede. nl/media/253/VSM08English
Isyaku, S. (2014). Mediating Effect of Uncertainty Avoidance on the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Talent and SMEs Performance in Nigeria: A Conceptual Analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4, 368-383. doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i6/968
Johnson, T. R., & Troppe, M. (1992). Improving literacy and employability among disadvantaged youth: The Job Corps model. Youth & Society, 23, 335-355. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118X92023003004
Jordan, P. J., Ashkanasy, N. M., Härtel, C. E., & Hooper, G. S. (2002). Workgroup emotional intelligence: Scale development and relationship to team process effectiveness and goal focus. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 195-214. doi:10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00046-3
Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., Natti, J., & Happonen, M. (1999). Perceived job insecurity: A longitudinal study among Finnish employees. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 243-260. doi: 10.1080/135943299398348
Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. (2006). A quarter century of culture's consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework. Journal of international business studies, 37, 285-320. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400202
Klandermans, B., & Van Vuuren, T. (1999). Job insecurity: introduction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 145-153. doi: 10.1080/135943299398294
Krosnick, J. A., Narayan, S., & Smith, W. R. (1996). Satisficing in surveys: Initial evidence. New directions for evaluation, 70, 29-44. doi: 10.1002/ev.1033
Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer.
LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & LePine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor–hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 764-775. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2005.18803921
Loi, R., Ngo, H. Y., Zhang, L., & Lau, V. P. (2011). The interaction between leader-member exchange and perceived job security in predicting employee altruism and work performance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 669-685. doi: 10.1348/096317910X510468
Mao, E., & Palvia, P. (2006). Testing an extended model of IT acceptance in the Chinese cultural context. ACM SIGMIS Database, 37, 20-32. doi: 10.1145/1161345.1161351
Mok, K., Wong, L., & Lee, G. (2002). The challenges of global capitalism: Unemployment and state workers’reactions and responses in post-reform China. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 399-415. doi: 10.1080/09585190110111440
Nahrgang, J.D., Morgeson, F.P., & Hofmann, D.A. (2011). Safety at Work: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Link Between Job Demands, Job Resources, Burnout, Engagement, and Safety Outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 71-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021484
Probst, T. M. (2008). Job insecurity. In J. Barling & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational behavior (Micro perspectives, Vol. 1, pp. 178-195). London: Sage.
Probst, T. M., Stewart, S. M., Gruys, M. L., & Tierney, B. W. (2007). Productivity, counterproductivity and creativity: The ups and downs of job insecurity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80,479-497. doi: 10.1348/096317906X159103
Rapp, J. K., Bernardi, R. A., & Bosco, S. M. (2010). Examining the use of Hofstede’s uncertainty avoidance construct in international research: A 25-year review. International Business Research, 4, 3-15. doi: 10.5539/ibr.v4n1p3
Roskies, E., & Louis‐Guerin, C. (1990). Job insecurity in managers: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 345-359. doi: 10.1002/job.4030110503
Sadler, P.J., & Hofstede, G. (1972). Leadership styles: Preferences and perceptions of employees in an international firm in different countries. Mens en Ondernerning, 26, 43-63.
Silla, I., De Cuyper, N., Gracia, F. J., Peiró, J. M., & De Witte, H. (2009). Job insecurity and well-being: Moderation by employability. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 739-751.
Siu, O. L. (2003). Job stress and job performance among employees in Hong Kong: The role of Chinese work values and organizational commitment. International Journal of Psychology, 38, 337-347. doi: 10.1080/00207590344000024
Schmitz, L, & Weber, W. (2014). Are Hofstede's cultural dimensions valid? A test for measurement invariance of Uncertainty Avoidance, Interculture Journal: Online Zeitschriftfür interkulturelle Studien, 13, 11-26.
Spector, P.E. (2006), Method Variance in Organizational Research, Organizational Research Methods, 9, 221–32. doi: 10.1177/1094428105284955
Staufenbiel, T., & König, C. J. (2010). A model for the effects of job insecurity on performance, turnover intention, and absenteeism. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 101-117. doi: 10.1348/096317908X401912
Sverke, M., & Hellgren, J. (2002). The nature of job insecurity: Understanding employment uncertainty on the brink of a new millennium. Applied Psychology, 51, 23-42.
Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: a meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of occupational health psychology, 7, 242-264. doi: 10.1037//1076-8998.7.3.242
Vander Elst, T., De Witte, H., & De Cuyper, N. (2014). The Job Insecurity Scale: A psychometric evaluation across five European countries. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23, 364-380.
Van Vuuren, C.V., Klandermans, P.G., Drenth, P.J.D. (1990) Individual reactions to job insecurity: An integrated model. In J.A. Sergeant & R.J. Takens, Roelf J. (Eds), European perspectives in psychology, Vol. 3: Work and organizational, social and economic, cross-cultural (pp. 133-146). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Van Vuuren, T., Klandermans, B., Jacobson, D., & Hartley, J. (1991). Employees’ reactions to job insecurity. In J. Hartley, D. Jacobson, B. Klandermans, & T. Van Vuuren, Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. (pp. 79-103). London: Sage.
Wong, Y.T., Wong, C.S., Ngo, H.Y., & Lui, S. (2003). The Social Exchange and Instrumental Perspectives on Employees Response to Job Insecurity. Chinese Management Review, 6, 1-17.
Wong, Y. T., Wong, C. S., Ngo, H. Y., & Lui, H. K. (2005). Different responses to job insecurity of Chinese workers in joint ventures and state-owned enterprises. Human Relations, 58, 1391-1418. doi: 10.1177/0018726705060243
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal,it also allows for use of the work for non-commercial purposes and if others remix, transform or build upon the works found in this journal they must distribute the contributions under the same licence as the original.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See: The Effect of Open Access).
