The Factor Structure of the Leadership OrientationsQuestionnaire in Romania
Keywords:
leadership, factor structure, , Leadership OrientationQuestionnaireAbstract
Classical approaches to leadership (e.g., transformational, servant, charismatic, etc.) have led to significant breakthroughs in understanding this phenomenon. However, these perspectives may ignore the essential aspects of leadership. This paper aimed to test the factor structure of the Leadership OrientationsQuestionnaire (Bolman& Deal, 1988). The questionnaire was administered to an occupationally heterogeneous sample of 402 employees. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire, testing three alternative models. The results indicate a weak factorial structure. The single factor model has a similar fit to the one in which the four factors are correlated, while the model with uncorrelated factors has a much weaker fit. These features of the instrument make questionable its use in research and practice. Further research is needed to conclude that the questionnaire is suitable to measure leadership orientations in Romanian organizations.
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References
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Weber, M. (1922). Bureaucracy. In H. Gerth& C. W. Mills (Eds.), Max Weber: Essays in sociology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Yammarino, F. J., & Bass, B. M. (1990). Transformational leadership and multiple levels of analysis. Human Relations, 43(10), 975–995. doi:10.1177/001872679004301003
Al Chibani, W., Al Chibani, P. H. (2013). Leadership styles of school principals in Lebanon: Multiple case study. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 174–176.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2014). Amos (Version 23.0) [Computer Program]. Chicago: IBM SPSS.
Bados, A., Gómez-Benito, J., & Balaguer, G. (2010). The state-trait anxiety inventory, trait version: Does it really measure anxiety? Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(6), 560–567. doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.513295
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (1991). Leadership and management effectiveness: A multi-frame, multi-sector analysis. Human Resource Management, 30(4), 509–534.doi:10.1002/hrm.3930300406
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (1992). Leading and managing: Effects of context, culture, and gender. Educational Administration Quarterly, 28(3), 314-329. doi:10.1177/0013161X92028003005
Bolman, L. G., Deal, T. E. (1984). Modern approaches to understanding and managing organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bolman, L. G., &Deal, T. E. (1990). Leadership orientations instrument. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bolman, L. G., &Deal, T. E. (1992). Leading and managing: Effects of context, culture, and gender. Educational Administration Quarterly, 28, 314–329.
Bolman, L. G., &Deal, T. E. (1993). Everyday epistemology in school leadership: Patterns and prospects. In P. Hallinger, K. Leithwood, & J. Murphy (Eds.), Cognitive perspectives on educational leadership (pp. 21–33). New York: Teachers College Press.
Bolman, L. G., &Deal, T. E. (2003). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership.
(3rd ed). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bolman, L. G., &Deal, T. E. (2008). Reframing organizations: Artistry, Choice and Leadership(4th ed). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bolman, L. G., &Deal, T. E., (1991). Leadership and management effectiveness: A multiframe, multi-sector analysis. Human Resource Management, 30, 509–534.
Broyhill, C. M. (2016). The Effects of IS-BAO Implementation and Leadership Performance on Safety Culture in Business Aviation Flight Operations. Dissertations and Theses. 200.
Cansoy, R., &Tofur, S. (2017). Examining the Relationship between Teacher Candidates' Individual Values and Leadership Orientations. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(2), 101–113.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1994). Charismatic leadership in organizations: Perceived behavioral attributes and their measurement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(5), 439–452. doi:10.1002/job.4030150508
Deal, T. E., &Peterson, K. D. (1991). The principal’s role in shaping school culture. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Programs for the Improvement of Practice.
Durocher, E. A. (1996). Leadership orientations of school administrators: A survey of nationally recognized school leaders. Dissertations Abstracts International, 57(02), 525A. (UMI No. 9620148).
Farh, J. L., Cannella, A. A. J., & Lee, C. (2006). Approaches to scale development in Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 2(3), 301-318.
Holloway, J. B. (2012). Leadership Behavior and Organizational Climate: An Empirical Study in a Non-profit Organization. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 5(1), 9–35.
IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Jamovi project (2018). jamovi (Version 0.9) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org.
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 755-768. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755
Koene, A. S., Vogelaar, L. W., &Soeters, J. L. (2002). Leadership effects on organizational climate and financial performance: Local leadership effect in chain organizations. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 193–215.
Kotter, J. (1998). Cultures and coalitions. In R. Gibson (Ed.), Rethinking the future: Rethinking business, principles, competition, control & complexity, leadership, markets and the world. London: Nicholas Brealey.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper Collins.
McGregor, D. M. (1960). The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ostroff, C., Kinicki, A. J., &Tamkins, M. M. (2003). Organizational culture and climate. In I. B. Weiner (Series Ed.) and W.C. Borman, D.R. Ilgen, R.J. Klimoski (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Reise, S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47(5), 667–696. doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.715555
Roddy, T. (2010). Frame Analysis of the Self-Perceived Leadership Orientations of Headmasters of the Independent Schools Association of the Southwest, Southern Association of Independent Schools, and the Association of Independent Schools of Greater Washington Member Schools. University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations, 1217.
Sarros, J. C., Cooper, B. K., & Santora, J. C. (2008). Building a climate for innovation through transformational leadership and organizational culture. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(2), 145–158.
Sasnett, B., &Ross, T. (2007). Leadership frames and perceptions of effectiveness among health information management program directors. Perspectives in Health Information Management, 4(8). Published online.
Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C., & Santora, J. C. (2008). Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45(2), 402–424. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00761.x
Shin, T. H., &Choo, J. S. (2011). A study on leadership and management fffectivenessbased on a multi-frame model: A case study for railway public enterprises. International Journal of Railway, 4(3), 57–63.
Shirbagi, N. (2007). Exploring organizational commitment and leadership frames within Indian and Iranian higher education institutions. Bulletin of Education and Research, 29(1), 17–32.
Smith, P. B., Misumi, J., Tayeb, M., Peterson, M., & Bond, M. (1989). On the generality of leadership style measures across cultures. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62(2), 97–109. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00481.x
Taylor, F. W. (1911). The principles of scientific management. New York: Norton.
Thompson, D. F., Farmer, K. C., Beall, D. G., Evans, D. J., Melchert, R. B., Ross, L. A., &Schmoll, B. J. (2008). Identifying perceptions of professionalism in pharmacy using a four- frame leadership model. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(4), 90.
Trees, D. (2006). Leadership orientations of senior administrators at American Metropolitan Universities. Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Central Florida.
Tsui, A. S., Nifadkar, S. S., &Ou, A. Y. (2007). Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behavior research: Advances, gaps, and recommendations. Journal of Management, 33, 426–478.
Weber, M. (1922). Bureaucracy. In H. Gerth& C. W. Mills (Eds.), Max Weber: Essays in sociology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Yammarino, F. J., & Bass, B. M. (1990). Transformational leadership and multiple levels of analysis. Human Relations, 43(10), 975–995. doi:10.1177/001872679004301003
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Published
2019-12-10
How to Cite
Wassim, G. (2019). The Factor Structure of the Leadership OrientationsQuestionnaire in Romania. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 17(1), 18–27. Retrieved from https://www.hrp-journal.com/index.php/pru/article/view/299
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