The Risks of Associated Use of Alcohool and Tabaco: A Functional Learning and Its Limits
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.v5i2.329Keywords:
alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, functional learning, executive functioning, agingAbstract
Drinking alcohol and smoking tobacco commonly occur together. Young adults, middleaged adults, elderly people, and very elderly people perceive the combined effects on health of drinking and smoking as sub-additive. This model bears little resemblance to what is expected on the basis of epidemiological studies. The health risks of combining drinking and smoking, particularly the risk of cancer is multiplicative. This article reviews studies showing that learning the multiplicative relationship between daily intakes of alcohol and tobacco, and the risk of esophageal cancer is effective, even in 75 aged people, provided that participants receive outcome feedback through functional learning. This learning persists at least one month. This learning has limitations due to the decline of executive functioning that is associated with aging. The very old people have difficulty in learning the multiplicative rule. Instead, they learn an additive rule. Other studies are required. Because of the nature of the risks for esophageal cancer, specific groups should be targeted, those who drink and smoke heavily, and for whom esophageal cancer looms as an important personal threat.
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References
Anderson, N. H. (1981). Introduction to information integration theory. New York: Academic Press.
Anderson, N. H. (1982). Methods of Information Integration Theory. London : Academic Press.
Anderson, N. H. (1991). Contributions to information integration theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anderson, N. H. (1996). A functional theory of cognition. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Batel, P, Pessione, F., Maître, C., & Rueff, B. (1995). Relationship between alcohol and tobacco dependencies among alcoholics who smoke. Addiction, 90, 977-980.
Bonnin-Scaon, S., & Chasseigne, G. (2007). Apprentissage des risques liés à la consommation combinée d'alcool et de tabac: le cas du cancer de l'oesophage. Communication présentée au IVème Congrès de Psychologie de la Santé de langue Française, Toulouse (20-22 Juin).
Bonnin-Scaon, S., Lafon, P., Chasseigne, G., Mullet, E., & Sorum, P. (2002). Learning the relationship between smoking, drinking alcohol, and the risk of oesophageal cancer. Health Education Research, 17, 415-424.
Brehmer, B., & Joyce, C. R. B. (1988). Human Judgment: The SJT view. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Burton, S. M. and Tiffany, S. T. (1997). The effect of alcohol consumption on craving to smoke. Addiction, 92, 15-26.
Castellsagué, X., Muñoz, N., De Stefani, E., Victora, C. G., Castelletto, R., Rolón, P. A., & Quintana, M. J. (1999). Independent and joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on the risk of esophageal cancer in men and women. International Journal of Cancer,82, 657-664.
Chasseigne, G., Grau S., Mullet, E., & Cama, V. (1999). How well do elderly people cope with uncertainty in a learning task ? Acta Psychologica, 103, 229-238.
Chasseigne, G., Lafon, P., & Mullet, E. (2002). Aging and rule learning: The case of the multiplicative law. American Journal of Psychology, 115, 3, 315-330.
Chasseigne, G., Ligneau, C., Grau, S., Le Gall, A., Roque, M., & Mullet, E. (2004). Aging and Probabilistic Learning in single- and multiplecue tasks. Experimental Aging Research, 30, 1, 23-45.
Chasseigne, G., Mullet, E., & Stewart, T. (1997). Aging and probability learning: The case of inverse relationships. Acta Psychologica, 97, 235-252.
Chyou, P. H., Nomura, A. M. Y., & Stemmermann, G. N. (1995). Diet, alcohol, smoking and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract: A prospective study among Hawaii Japanese men. International Journal of Cancer, 60, 616-621.
DeLosh, E. L., Busemeyer, J. R., & McDaniel, M. A. (1997). Extrapolation: The sine qua non for abstraction in function learning. Journal of Experimental Psycholog: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 968–986.
Doll, R., Peto, R., Wheatley, K., & Gray, R. (1994). Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male british doctors. British Medical Journal, 309, 901-911.
Friend, K. B., Malloy, P. F., & Sindelar, H. A. (2005). The effect of chronic nicotine and alcohol use on neurocognitive function. Addictive Behavior, 30, 193-202.
Gao, Y. T., McLaughlin, J. K., Blot, W. J., Ji, B. T., Benichou, J., Dai, Q., & Fraumeni, J. F. (1994). Risk factors for oesophageal cancer in Shangai, China I: Role of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. International Journal of Cancer, 58, 192-196.
Glass, J. M., Adams, K. M., Nigg, J. T., Wong, M. M., Puttler, L. I., Buu, A., Jester, J. M., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2006). Smoking is associated with neurocognitive deficits in alcoholism. Drug and Alcohol dependence, 82, 119-126.
Hammond, K. R. and Stewart, T. R. (2001). The Essential Brunswik: Beginnings, Explications, Applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hampson, S. E., Andrews, J. A., & Lee, M. E. (2000). Radon and cigarette smoking : Perception of this synergetic health risk. Health Psychology, 19, 247-252.
Hermand, D., Mullet, E., & Coutelle, B. (1995). Perception of the combined effect of smoking and alcohol consumption on health. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 167-174.
Hermand, D., Mullet, E., & Lavieville, S. (1997). Estimation of the combined effect of tobacco and alcohol on cancer risks. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 481-491.
Hermand, D., Mullet, E., Sorum, P. C., & Tillard, V. (2000). Estimation of the combined effect of tobacco and alcohol on cancer risks among alcoholics. European Journal of Applied Psychology, 50, 321-326.
Hermand, D., Muñoz Sastre, M.-T., & Chasseigne, G. (sous presse). Processus cognitifs impliués dans l’estimation des risques pour la santé. In D. R. Kouabenan, B. Cadet, D. Hermand, M.-T. Muñoz Sastre (Eds.). Psychologie du risque : Identifier, évaluer et prévenir les risques. Bruxelles : De Boeck Université.
Jaccard, J., & Turrisi, R. (1987). Cognitive processes and individual differences in judgments relevant to drunk driving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 135-145.
Jenks, R. J. (1992). Attitudes, perceptions, and risktaking behaviors of smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers, The Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 569-575.
Koh, K., & Meyer, D. E. (1991). Function learning: Induction of continuous stimulus-response relations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 811-836.
Kozlowski, L. T., & Ferrence, R. G. (1990). Statistical control in research on alcohol and tobacco: an example for research on alcohol and mortality. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 271-278.
Lafon, P., Chasseigne, G., & Mullet, E. (2004). Functional Learning Among Children, Adolescents and Young Adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88, 4, 334-347.
Lafratta, A. (soumis). On the activation of integration information rules.
Lafratta, A., & Masin, S. C. (2006). Study of the ability to use information integration rules. Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Association for Interdisciplinary Learning, Hood River, OR, August 10-14, 2006.
Launoy, G., Milan, C. H., Faivre, J., Plenkowski, P., Milan, C. I., & Gignoux, M. (1997). Alcohol, tobacco and oesophageal cancer: effects of the duration of consumption, mean intake and current and former consumption. British Journal of Cancer, 75, 1389-1396.
McDaniel, M. A., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2005). The conceptual basis of function learning and extrapolation: comparison of rule-based and associative-based models. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 24-42.
Moselhy, H. F., Georgiou, G., & Kahn, A. (2001). Frontal lobe changes in alcoholism: A review of the literature. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 36, 357-368.
Muñoz Sastre, M.-T., Mullet, E., Sorum, P.C. (1999). Relationship between cigarette dose and perceived risk of lung cancer. Preventive Medicine, 28, 566-571
Muñoz Sastre, M.-T., Mullet, E., Sorum, P.C. (2000). Self-assessment of inebriation from external indices. Additictive Behaviors, 25, 663-681.
Musielak, C., Chasseigne, G., & Mullet, E. (2006). The Learning of Non-Linear Functions Among Younger and Older Adults. Experimental Aging Research, 32, 317-339.
Newcomb, P. A., & Carbone, P. P. (1992). The health consequences of smoking : Cancer. Medical Clinic of North America, 76, 305-331.
Noel, X., Van der Linden, M., d'Acremont, M., Colmant, M., Hanak, C., Peic, I., Verbanck, P., & Bechara, A. (2005). Cognitive biases toward alcohol-related words and executive deficits in polysubstance abusers with alcoholism. Addiction, 100, 1302-1309
Parkin, D. M., Pisani, P., & Ferlay, J. (1999). Global cancer statistics. CA—A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 49, 33-64.
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2000). Cognitive neuropsychology of the aging brain. In D. C. Park and N. Schwarz (Eds.), Cognitive aging: A primer (pp. 93–114). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Rosengren, A., Wilhemsen, L., & Wedel, H. (1988). Separate and combined effects of smoking and alcohol abuse in middle-aged men. Acta Medica Scandinavia, 223, 111-118.
Schinka, J. A., Vanderploeg, R. D., Rogish, M., & Ordorica, P. I. (2002). Effect of alcohol and cigarette use on cognition in middle-aged adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 683-690.
Stuss, D. T., & Binns, M. A. (2001). Aging: Not an escarpment, but many different slopes. In Moshe Naveh-Benjamin, Morris Moscovitch, and Henry L. Roediger, III. Perspectives on human memory and cognitive aging. New York: Psychology Press (pp. 334-347).
Turrisi, R., & Jaccard, J. (1991). Judgment processes relevant to drunk driving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 89-118.
Tuyns, A. J., Péquinot, G., & Jensen, O. M. (1977). Le cancer de l’oesophage en Ille-et-Vilaine en fonction des niveaux de consommation d’alcool et de tabac: Des risques qui se multiplient. Bulletin du Cancer, 64, 45-60.
Waldstein, S. R. (2000). Health effects on cognitive aging. In P. L. Stern and L. L. Carstensen (Eds.), The Aging mind: Opportunities in cognitive research (pp. 189–217). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Watson, P. E., Watson, I. D., & Blatt, R. D. (1981). Prediction of blood alcohol concentrations in human subjects: Updating the Widmark equation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 42, 547-556.
Zambon, P., Talamini, R., La Vecchia, C., Dal Maso, L., Negri, E., Tognazzo, S., Simonato, L., & Franceschi, S. (2000). Smoking, type of alcoholic beverage and squamous-cell oesophageal cancer in northern Italy. International Journal of Cancer, 86, 144-149.
Anderson, N. H. (1982). Methods of Information Integration Theory. London : Academic Press.
Anderson, N. H. (1991). Contributions to information integration theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anderson, N. H. (1996). A functional theory of cognition. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Batel, P, Pessione, F., Maître, C., & Rueff, B. (1995). Relationship between alcohol and tobacco dependencies among alcoholics who smoke. Addiction, 90, 977-980.
Bonnin-Scaon, S., & Chasseigne, G. (2007). Apprentissage des risques liés à la consommation combinée d'alcool et de tabac: le cas du cancer de l'oesophage. Communication présentée au IVème Congrès de Psychologie de la Santé de langue Française, Toulouse (20-22 Juin).
Bonnin-Scaon, S., Lafon, P., Chasseigne, G., Mullet, E., & Sorum, P. (2002). Learning the relationship between smoking, drinking alcohol, and the risk of oesophageal cancer. Health Education Research, 17, 415-424.
Brehmer, B., & Joyce, C. R. B. (1988). Human Judgment: The SJT view. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Burton, S. M. and Tiffany, S. T. (1997). The effect of alcohol consumption on craving to smoke. Addiction, 92, 15-26.
Castellsagué, X., Muñoz, N., De Stefani, E., Victora, C. G., Castelletto, R., Rolón, P. A., & Quintana, M. J. (1999). Independent and joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on the risk of esophageal cancer in men and women. International Journal of Cancer,82, 657-664.
Chasseigne, G., Grau S., Mullet, E., & Cama, V. (1999). How well do elderly people cope with uncertainty in a learning task ? Acta Psychologica, 103, 229-238.
Chasseigne, G., Lafon, P., & Mullet, E. (2002). Aging and rule learning: The case of the multiplicative law. American Journal of Psychology, 115, 3, 315-330.
Chasseigne, G., Ligneau, C., Grau, S., Le Gall, A., Roque, M., & Mullet, E. (2004). Aging and Probabilistic Learning in single- and multiplecue tasks. Experimental Aging Research, 30, 1, 23-45.
Chasseigne, G., Mullet, E., & Stewart, T. (1997). Aging and probability learning: The case of inverse relationships. Acta Psychologica, 97, 235-252.
Chyou, P. H., Nomura, A. M. Y., & Stemmermann, G. N. (1995). Diet, alcohol, smoking and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract: A prospective study among Hawaii Japanese men. International Journal of Cancer, 60, 616-621.
DeLosh, E. L., Busemeyer, J. R., & McDaniel, M. A. (1997). Extrapolation: The sine qua non for abstraction in function learning. Journal of Experimental Psycholog: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 968–986.
Doll, R., Peto, R., Wheatley, K., & Gray, R. (1994). Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male british doctors. British Medical Journal, 309, 901-911.
Friend, K. B., Malloy, P. F., & Sindelar, H. A. (2005). The effect of chronic nicotine and alcohol use on neurocognitive function. Addictive Behavior, 30, 193-202.
Gao, Y. T., McLaughlin, J. K., Blot, W. J., Ji, B. T., Benichou, J., Dai, Q., & Fraumeni, J. F. (1994). Risk factors for oesophageal cancer in Shangai, China I: Role of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. International Journal of Cancer, 58, 192-196.
Glass, J. M., Adams, K. M., Nigg, J. T., Wong, M. M., Puttler, L. I., Buu, A., Jester, J. M., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2006). Smoking is associated with neurocognitive deficits in alcoholism. Drug and Alcohol dependence, 82, 119-126.
Hammond, K. R. and Stewart, T. R. (2001). The Essential Brunswik: Beginnings, Explications, Applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hampson, S. E., Andrews, J. A., & Lee, M. E. (2000). Radon and cigarette smoking : Perception of this synergetic health risk. Health Psychology, 19, 247-252.
Hermand, D., Mullet, E., & Coutelle, B. (1995). Perception of the combined effect of smoking and alcohol consumption on health. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 167-174.
Hermand, D., Mullet, E., & Lavieville, S. (1997). Estimation of the combined effect of tobacco and alcohol on cancer risks. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 481-491.
Hermand, D., Mullet, E., Sorum, P. C., & Tillard, V. (2000). Estimation of the combined effect of tobacco and alcohol on cancer risks among alcoholics. European Journal of Applied Psychology, 50, 321-326.
Hermand, D., Muñoz Sastre, M.-T., & Chasseigne, G. (sous presse). Processus cognitifs impliués dans l’estimation des risques pour la santé. In D. R. Kouabenan, B. Cadet, D. Hermand, M.-T. Muñoz Sastre (Eds.). Psychologie du risque : Identifier, évaluer et prévenir les risques. Bruxelles : De Boeck Université.
Jaccard, J., & Turrisi, R. (1987). Cognitive processes and individual differences in judgments relevant to drunk driving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 135-145.
Jenks, R. J. (1992). Attitudes, perceptions, and risktaking behaviors of smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers, The Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 569-575.
Koh, K., & Meyer, D. E. (1991). Function learning: Induction of continuous stimulus-response relations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 811-836.
Kozlowski, L. T., & Ferrence, R. G. (1990). Statistical control in research on alcohol and tobacco: an example for research on alcohol and mortality. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 271-278.
Lafon, P., Chasseigne, G., & Mullet, E. (2004). Functional Learning Among Children, Adolescents and Young Adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88, 4, 334-347.
Lafratta, A. (soumis). On the activation of integration information rules.
Lafratta, A., & Masin, S. C. (2006). Study of the ability to use information integration rules. Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Association for Interdisciplinary Learning, Hood River, OR, August 10-14, 2006.
Launoy, G., Milan, C. H., Faivre, J., Plenkowski, P., Milan, C. I., & Gignoux, M. (1997). Alcohol, tobacco and oesophageal cancer: effects of the duration of consumption, mean intake and current and former consumption. British Journal of Cancer, 75, 1389-1396.
McDaniel, M. A., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2005). The conceptual basis of function learning and extrapolation: comparison of rule-based and associative-based models. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 24-42.
Moselhy, H. F., Georgiou, G., & Kahn, A. (2001). Frontal lobe changes in alcoholism: A review of the literature. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 36, 357-368.
Muñoz Sastre, M.-T., Mullet, E., Sorum, P.C. (1999). Relationship between cigarette dose and perceived risk of lung cancer. Preventive Medicine, 28, 566-571
Muñoz Sastre, M.-T., Mullet, E., Sorum, P.C. (2000). Self-assessment of inebriation from external indices. Additictive Behaviors, 25, 663-681.
Musielak, C., Chasseigne, G., & Mullet, E. (2006). The Learning of Non-Linear Functions Among Younger and Older Adults. Experimental Aging Research, 32, 317-339.
Newcomb, P. A., & Carbone, P. P. (1992). The health consequences of smoking : Cancer. Medical Clinic of North America, 76, 305-331.
Noel, X., Van der Linden, M., d'Acremont, M., Colmant, M., Hanak, C., Peic, I., Verbanck, P., & Bechara, A. (2005). Cognitive biases toward alcohol-related words and executive deficits in polysubstance abusers with alcoholism. Addiction, 100, 1302-1309
Parkin, D. M., Pisani, P., & Ferlay, J. (1999). Global cancer statistics. CA—A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 49, 33-64.
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2000). Cognitive neuropsychology of the aging brain. In D. C. Park and N. Schwarz (Eds.), Cognitive aging: A primer (pp. 93–114). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Rosengren, A., Wilhemsen, L., & Wedel, H. (1988). Separate and combined effects of smoking and alcohol abuse in middle-aged men. Acta Medica Scandinavia, 223, 111-118.
Schinka, J. A., Vanderploeg, R. D., Rogish, M., & Ordorica, P. I. (2002). Effect of alcohol and cigarette use on cognition in middle-aged adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 683-690.
Stuss, D. T., & Binns, M. A. (2001). Aging: Not an escarpment, but many different slopes. In Moshe Naveh-Benjamin, Morris Moscovitch, and Henry L. Roediger, III. Perspectives on human memory and cognitive aging. New York: Psychology Press (pp. 334-347).
Turrisi, R., & Jaccard, J. (1991). Judgment processes relevant to drunk driving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 89-118.
Tuyns, A. J., Péquinot, G., & Jensen, O. M. (1977). Le cancer de l’oesophage en Ille-et-Vilaine en fonction des niveaux de consommation d’alcool et de tabac: Des risques qui se multiplient. Bulletin du Cancer, 64, 45-60.
Waldstein, S. R. (2000). Health effects on cognitive aging. In P. L. Stern and L. L. Carstensen (Eds.), The Aging mind: Opportunities in cognitive research (pp. 189–217). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Watson, P. E., Watson, I. D., & Blatt, R. D. (1981). Prediction of blood alcohol concentrations in human subjects: Updating the Widmark equation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 42, 547-556.
Zambon, P., Talamini, R., La Vecchia, C., Dal Maso, L., Negri, E., Tognazzo, S., Simonato, L., & Franceschi, S. (2000). Smoking, type of alcoholic beverage and squamous-cell oesophageal cancer in northern Italy. International Journal of Cancer, 86, 144-149.
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Published
2020-01-21
How to Cite
Bonnin-Scaon, S. ., & Chasseigne, G. (2020). The Risks of Associated Use of Alcohool and Tabaco: A Functional Learning and Its Limits. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 5(2), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.v5i2.329
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