The Dark Side of Humor in the Workplace: Aggressive Humor, Exhaustion and Intention to Leave the Organization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.v17i2.292Keywords:
aggressive humor, intention to leave, exhaustion, quality of leader-member exchangeAbstract
Humor is inherent to social interaction and research has mainly focused on the potential benefits of using humor at work. However, different types of humor exist and this study builds on the Job Demands-Resources Model (JD-R) to argue that aggressive humor in the workplace is a demand rather than a resource. Specifically, the study explores the association of aggressive humor and the intention to leave the organization manifested by the employees and the role of exhaustion as a potential explanatory mechanism. Moreover, the study explored the potential buffering role of the quality of leader-employee exchange (LMX) for the negative effects of aggressive humor. The study employed a cross-sectional design in order to test a moderated mediation model. Data were collected from 101 call-center operators and team leaders working in a multinational company. Our findings show indeed that aggressive humor in the workplace is predictive for exhaustion, which, in turn, predicts the employees’ intentions to leave the organization. Contrary to our expectation, the moderating role of LMX did not receive empirical support. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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References
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Conway, J. M., & Lance, C. E. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325–334. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-010-9181-6
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Curseu, P. L., & Fodor, O. C. (2016). Humor and group atmosphere: Development of a short scale for evaluating affiliative and aggressive humor in groups. Team Performance Management, 22(7/8), 370-382. DOI: 10.1108/TPM-04-2015-0022
De Koning, E., & Weiss, R. L. (2002). The relational humor inventory: Functions of humor in close relationships. American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(1), 1-18. DOI: 10.1080/019261802753455615
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., &Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Doosje, S., De Goede, M., Van Doornen, L., (2010). Measurement of occupational humorous coping. Humor - International Journal of Humor Research, 23(3), 275-305. DOI: 10.1515/humr.2010.013
Du Plooy, J., &Roodt, G. (2010). Work engagement, burnout and related constructs as predictors of turnover intentions. SAJournal of Industrial Psychology, 36(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v36i1.910
Dunegan, K. J., Uhl-Bien, M., &Duchon, D. (2002). LMX and subordinate performance: The moderating effects of task characteristics. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17(2), 275-285.DOI:10.1177/014920639201800105
Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2(1), 335-362. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
Fodor, O.C., Curșeu, P.L., Bria, M. & Fleștea, A.M. (under review). Autonomy to fail: An investigation of workload, work autonomy, interpersonal relations and performance in service teams
Georganta, K., & Montgomery, A. (2016). Exploring fun as a job resource: The enhancing and protecting role of a key modern workplace factor. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 1(1-3), 107-131.DOI 10.1007/s41042-016-0002-7
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Graen, G. B., &Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationshipbasedapproach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247. DOI: 10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
Graen, G.B., Wakabayashi, M., Graen, M.R., and Graen, M.G. (1990). International Generalizability of American Hypothesis about Japanese Management Progress: A Strong Inference Investigation, Leadership Quarterly, 1, 1–23.
Guenter, H., Schreurs, B., Van Emmerik, I. H., Gijsbers, W., & Van Iterson, A. (2013). How adaptive and maladaptive humor influence well-being at work: A diary study. Humor, 26(4), 573-594. DOI: 10.1515/humor-2013-0032
Harris, J.K., &Kacmar, K. M. (2005). Easing the strain: The buffer role of supervisors in the perceptions of politics–strain relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(3), 337-354. DOI: 10.1348/096317905X26110
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford, 1609182308.
Howland, M., & Simpson, J. A. (2014). Attachment orientations and reactivity to humor in a social support context. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(1), 114-137. DOI: 10.1177/0265407513488016
Huo, Y., Lam, W., & Chen, Z. (2012). Am I the only one this supervisor is laughing at? Effects of aggressive humor on employee strain and addictive behaviors. Personnel Psychology, 65(4), 859-885. DOI: 10.1111/peps.12004
Janssen, O., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Employees' goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 368-384. DOI: 10.2307/20159587
Kacmar, K. M., Witt, L. A., Zivnuska, S., & Gully, S. M. (2003). The interactive effect of leader-member exchange and communication frequency on performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 764-772. DOI: DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.764
Kelloway, E. K., Gottlieb, B. H., & Barham, L. (1999). The source, nature, and direction of work and family conflict: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 337-346.DOI: 10.1037//1076-8998.4.4.337
Kim, H., & Stoner, M. (2008). Burnout and turnover intention among social workers: Effects of role stress, job autonomy and social support. Administration inSocial Work, 32(3), 5-25. DOI: 10.1080/03643100801922357
Korb, S., Grandjean, D., Samson, A. C., Delplanque, S., & Scherer, K. R. (2012). Stop laughing! Humor perception with and without expressive suppression. Social Neuroscience, 7(5), 510-524. DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2012.667573
Korczynski, M. (2011). The dialectical sense of humour: routine joking in a taylorized factory. Organization Studies, 32(10), 1421-1439. DOI: 10.1177/0170840611421256
Bartlett, J. E., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50. DOI: 10.1.1.486.8295
La Fave, L., Haddad, J., &Maesen, W. A. (1976). Superiority, enhanced self-esteem, and perceived incongruity humour theory. Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications, 63-91. DOI: 10.4324/9780203789469-5
Lam, T. (2003). Leader-member exchange and team-member exchange: The roles of moderators in new employees’ socialization. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 27(1), 48-68.DOI: 10.1177/1096348002238880
Leiter, M. P. (1991). Coping patterns as predictors of burnout: The function of control and escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12(2), 123-144.DOI: 10.1002/job.4030120205
Leiter, M. P. (1993). Burnout as a developmental process: Consideration of models. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research (pp. 237-250). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Leiter, M. P., &Maslach, C. (2009). Nurse turnover: the mediating role of burnout. Journal of nursing management, 17(3), 331-339. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.01004.x
Levine, M. (2005). Ready or not, here life comes. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Lu, A. C. C., &Gursoy, D. (2016). Impact of job burnout on satisfaction and turnover intention: do generational differences matter?.Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(2), 210-235. DOI: 10.1177/1096348013495696
Martin, R. A., & Ford, T. (2018). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Academic Press.
Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(1), 48-75. DOI: 10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00534-2
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Mesmer-Magnus, J., Glew, D. J., &Viswesvaran, C. (2012). A meta-analysis of positive humor in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(2), 155-190. DOI: 10.1108/02683941211199554
O'Connell, M., & Kung, M. C. (2007). The Cost of Employee Turnover. Industrial Management, 49(1), 14-19.
Park, K. O., Kim, S. Y., & Kim, J. K. (2013). Hospital nurses' experience of bullying in the workplace and burnout, organizational commitment, turnover intention and nursing productivity. Journal ofKorean Clinical Nursing Research, 19(2), 169-180.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., &Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Rasmusson, E. (1999). A funny thing happened on the way to work.Sales and Marketing Management, 151(3), 97-8. DOI: 10.5465/257094
Riordan, C. M. (2013). We all need friends at work. Article retrieved from: http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/07/we-all-need-friends-at-work/.
Robert, C., &Wilbanks, J. E. (2012). The wheel model of humor: Humor events and affect in organizations. Human Relations, 65(9), 1071-1099. DOI: 10.1177/0018726711433133
Romero, E. J., &Arendt, L. A. (2011). Variable effects of humor styles on organizational outcomes. Psychological Reports, 108(2), 649-659. DOI: 10.2466/07.17.20.21
Romero, E. J., &Cruthirds, K. W. (2006). The use of humor in the workplace. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(2), 58-69. DOI: 10.5465/AMP.2006.20591005
Romero, E., &Pescosolido, A. (2008). Humor and group effectiveness. Human Relations, 61(3), 395-418. DOI: 10.1177/0018726708088999
Salvagioni, D. A. J., Melanda, F. N., Mesas, A. E., González, A. D., Gabani, F. L., & De Andrade, S. M. (2017). Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS ONE, 12(10), 1–29. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185781
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., &Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. DOI: 10.1177/0013164405282471
Sosik, J. J. (2012). Taking levels of analysis in humor more seriously: comment on Romero and Arendt. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 527-534.DOI: 10.2466/03.PR0.110.2.527-534
Tümkaya, S. (2007). Burnout and humor relationship among university lecturers. Humor – International Journal of Humor Research, 20(1), pp. 73-92. DOI:10.1515/HUMOR.2007.004
Urquhart, J. (2005). Creating a fun workplace.Health Care Registration: The Newsletter for Health Care Registration Professionals,14(11), 3‐5.
Yam, K. C., Christian, M. S., Wei, W., Liao, Z. &Nai, J. (2018). The mixed blessing of leader sense of humor: examining costs and benefits. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 348-369. DOI: 10.5465/amj
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., &Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111. DOI: 10.2307/257021
Wisse, B., &Rietzschel, E. (2014). Humor in leader-follower relationships: Humor styles, similarity and relationship quality. Humor, 27(2), 249-269. DOI: 10.1515/humor-2014-0017
Bakker, A. B., &Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. DOI: 10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., &Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170-180.DOI: 10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170
Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., &Schaufeli, W. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands–resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12(4), 393-417.DOI: 10.1080/13594320344000165
Baloch, Q. B. (2009). Effects of job satisfaction on employees motivation & turn over intentions. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 2(1), 1-21.
Bizi, S., Keinan, G., & Beit-Hallahmi, B. (1988). Humor and coping with stress: A test under real-life conditions. Personality and Individual Differences, 9(6), 951-956. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(88)90128-6
Cann, A., Watson, A. J., & Bridgewater, E. A. (2014). Assessing humor at work: The humor climate questionnaire. Humor, 27(2), 307-323. DOI: 10.1515/humor-2014-0019
Conway, J. M., & Lance, C. E. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325–334. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-010-9181-6
Crawford, C. B. (1994). Theory and implications regarding the utilization of strategic humor by leaders. Journal of Leadership Studies, 1(4), 53-68. DOI: 10.1177/107179199400100406
Curseu, P. L., & Fodor, O. C. (2016). Humor and group atmosphere: Development of a short scale for evaluating affiliative and aggressive humor in groups. Team Performance Management, 22(7/8), 370-382. DOI: 10.1108/TPM-04-2015-0022
De Koning, E., & Weiss, R. L. (2002). The relational humor inventory: Functions of humor in close relationships. American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(1), 1-18. DOI: 10.1080/019261802753455615
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., &Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Doosje, S., De Goede, M., Van Doornen, L., (2010). Measurement of occupational humorous coping. Humor - International Journal of Humor Research, 23(3), 275-305. DOI: 10.1515/humr.2010.013
Du Plooy, J., &Roodt, G. (2010). Work engagement, burnout and related constructs as predictors of turnover intentions. SAJournal of Industrial Psychology, 36(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v36i1.910
Dunegan, K. J., Uhl-Bien, M., &Duchon, D. (2002). LMX and subordinate performance: The moderating effects of task characteristics. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17(2), 275-285.DOI:10.1177/014920639201800105
Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2(1), 335-362. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
Fodor, O.C., Curșeu, P.L., Bria, M. & Fleștea, A.M. (under review). Autonomy to fail: An investigation of workload, work autonomy, interpersonal relations and performance in service teams
Georganta, K., & Montgomery, A. (2016). Exploring fun as a job resource: The enhancing and protecting role of a key modern workplace factor. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 1(1-3), 107-131.DOI 10.1007/s41042-016-0002-7
Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta-Analytic review of leader–member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827-844.DOI: 10.1037//0021-9010.82.6.827
Graen, G. B., &Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationshipbasedapproach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247. DOI: 10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
Graen, G.B., Wakabayashi, M., Graen, M.R., and Graen, M.G. (1990). International Generalizability of American Hypothesis about Japanese Management Progress: A Strong Inference Investigation, Leadership Quarterly, 1, 1–23.
Guenter, H., Schreurs, B., Van Emmerik, I. H., Gijsbers, W., & Van Iterson, A. (2013). How adaptive and maladaptive humor influence well-being at work: A diary study. Humor, 26(4), 573-594. DOI: 10.1515/humor-2013-0032
Harris, J.K., &Kacmar, K. M. (2005). Easing the strain: The buffer role of supervisors in the perceptions of politics–strain relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(3), 337-354. DOI: 10.1348/096317905X26110
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford, 1609182308.
Howland, M., & Simpson, J. A. (2014). Attachment orientations and reactivity to humor in a social support context. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(1), 114-137. DOI: 10.1177/0265407513488016
Huo, Y., Lam, W., & Chen, Z. (2012). Am I the only one this supervisor is laughing at? Effects of aggressive humor on employee strain and addictive behaviors. Personnel Psychology, 65(4), 859-885. DOI: 10.1111/peps.12004
Janssen, O., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Employees' goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 368-384. DOI: 10.2307/20159587
Kacmar, K. M., Witt, L. A., Zivnuska, S., & Gully, S. M. (2003). The interactive effect of leader-member exchange and communication frequency on performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 764-772. DOI: DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.764
Kelloway, E. K., Gottlieb, B. H., & Barham, L. (1999). The source, nature, and direction of work and family conflict: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 337-346.DOI: 10.1037//1076-8998.4.4.337
Kim, H., & Stoner, M. (2008). Burnout and turnover intention among social workers: Effects of role stress, job autonomy and social support. Administration inSocial Work, 32(3), 5-25. DOI: 10.1080/03643100801922357
Korb, S., Grandjean, D., Samson, A. C., Delplanque, S., & Scherer, K. R. (2012). Stop laughing! Humor perception with and without expressive suppression. Social Neuroscience, 7(5), 510-524. DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2012.667573
Korczynski, M. (2011). The dialectical sense of humour: routine joking in a taylorized factory. Organization Studies, 32(10), 1421-1439. DOI: 10.1177/0170840611421256
Bartlett, J. E., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50. DOI: 10.1.1.486.8295
La Fave, L., Haddad, J., &Maesen, W. A. (1976). Superiority, enhanced self-esteem, and perceived incongruity humour theory. Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications, 63-91. DOI: 10.4324/9780203789469-5
Lam, T. (2003). Leader-member exchange and team-member exchange: The roles of moderators in new employees’ socialization. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 27(1), 48-68.DOI: 10.1177/1096348002238880
Leiter, M. P. (1991). Coping patterns as predictors of burnout: The function of control and escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12(2), 123-144.DOI: 10.1002/job.4030120205
Leiter, M. P. (1993). Burnout as a developmental process: Consideration of models. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research (pp. 237-250). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Leiter, M. P., &Maslach, C. (2009). Nurse turnover: the mediating role of burnout. Journal of nursing management, 17(3), 331-339. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.01004.x
Levine, M. (2005). Ready or not, here life comes. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Lu, A. C. C., &Gursoy, D. (2016). Impact of job burnout on satisfaction and turnover intention: do generational differences matter?.Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(2), 210-235. DOI: 10.1177/1096348013495696
Martin, R. A., & Ford, T. (2018). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Academic Press.
Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(1), 48-75. DOI: 10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00534-2
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Mesmer-Magnus, J., Glew, D. J., &Viswesvaran, C. (2012). A meta-analysis of positive humor in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(2), 155-190. DOI: 10.1108/02683941211199554
O'Connell, M., & Kung, M. C. (2007). The Cost of Employee Turnover. Industrial Management, 49(1), 14-19.
Park, K. O., Kim, S. Y., & Kim, J. K. (2013). Hospital nurses' experience of bullying in the workplace and burnout, organizational commitment, turnover intention and nursing productivity. Journal ofKorean Clinical Nursing Research, 19(2), 169-180.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., &Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Rasmusson, E. (1999). A funny thing happened on the way to work.Sales and Marketing Management, 151(3), 97-8. DOI: 10.5465/257094
Riordan, C. M. (2013). We all need friends at work. Article retrieved from: http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/07/we-all-need-friends-at-work/.
Robert, C., &Wilbanks, J. E. (2012). The wheel model of humor: Humor events and affect in organizations. Human Relations, 65(9), 1071-1099. DOI: 10.1177/0018726711433133
Romero, E. J., &Arendt, L. A. (2011). Variable effects of humor styles on organizational outcomes. Psychological Reports, 108(2), 649-659. DOI: 10.2466/07.17.20.21
Romero, E. J., &Cruthirds, K. W. (2006). The use of humor in the workplace. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(2), 58-69. DOI: 10.5465/AMP.2006.20591005
Romero, E., &Pescosolido, A. (2008). Humor and group effectiveness. Human Relations, 61(3), 395-418. DOI: 10.1177/0018726708088999
Salvagioni, D. A. J., Melanda, F. N., Mesas, A. E., González, A. D., Gabani, F. L., & De Andrade, S. M. (2017). Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS ONE, 12(10), 1–29. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185781
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., &Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. DOI: 10.1177/0013164405282471
Sosik, J. J. (2012). Taking levels of analysis in humor more seriously: comment on Romero and Arendt. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 527-534.DOI: 10.2466/03.PR0.110.2.527-534
Tümkaya, S. (2007). Burnout and humor relationship among university lecturers. Humor – International Journal of Humor Research, 20(1), pp. 73-92. DOI:10.1515/HUMOR.2007.004
Urquhart, J. (2005). Creating a fun workplace.Health Care Registration: The Newsletter for Health Care Registration Professionals,14(11), 3‐5.
Yam, K. C., Christian, M. S., Wei, W., Liao, Z. &Nai, J. (2018). The mixed blessing of leader sense of humor: examining costs and benefits. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 348-369. DOI: 10.5465/amj
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., &Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111. DOI: 10.2307/257021
Wisse, B., &Rietzschel, E. (2014). Humor in leader-follower relationships: Humor styles, similarity and relationship quality. Humor, 27(2), 249-269. DOI: 10.1515/humor-2014-0017
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Published
2019-11-20
How to Cite
Trif, S. ., & Fodor, O. C. (2019). The Dark Side of Humor in the Workplace: Aggressive Humor, Exhaustion and Intention to Leave the Organization. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 17(2), 74–100. https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.v17i2.292
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- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See: The Effect of Open Access).
