What does the Romanian workaholic look like? A first glimpse into the links between workaholism and employee characteristics; a validation attempt of DUWAS scale
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Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to explore the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the Romanian employee, and see whether these traits might also favor workaholism. In order to do that, a validation of a workaholism assessment tool was necessary. For the purpose of the present study, DUWAS (Dutch Work Addiction Scale) was chosen, as it captures core concepts related to workaholism and is hence widely accepted as a suitable tool. Preliminary results show a suitable validation and a real potential for the use of DUWAS in future studies, in Romania. Moreover, the study also brings forth interesting findings related to the link between demographic and socio-economic employee characteristics and a predisposition to workaholism.
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Butucescu, A., & Uscătescu, L. C. (2019). What does the Romanian workaholic look like? A first glimpse into the links between workaholism and employee characteristics; a validation attempt of DUWAS scale. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 11(1), 17–32. Retrieved from https://www.hrp-journal.com/index.php/pru/article/view/191
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Research articles
References
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Bakker, A.B., Schaufeli, W.B., Leiter, M.P., Taris, T.W.(2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22, 187 - 200.
Brislin, R.W. (1970). Back-translation for crosscultural research. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 185-216.
Burke, R. J. (2001). Workaholism components, job satisfaction, and career progress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(11), 2339-2356.
Burke, R. J. (2000b). Workaholism and divorce. Psychological Reports, 86, 219-220.
Butcher, J. N., Gur, R.(1974). A Hebrew translation of the MMPI: An assessment of translation adequacy and preliminary validation. Journal of Crosscultural Psychology, 5, 220-228.
Chonko, L.B. (1983). Job involvement as obsession-compulsion: Some preliminary findings. Psychological Reports, 53, 1191-1197.
Clark, L. A., McEwen, J. L., Collard, L. M., Hickok, L. G. (1993). Symptoms and traits of personality disorder: Two new methods for their assessment. Psychological Assessment, 5, 81-91.
Del Libano, M., Llorens, S., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. (2010). Validity of a brief workaholism scale. Psicothema, 22(1), 143-150.
Fassel, D. (1990). Working ourselves to death; the high cost of workaholism, the rewards of recovery. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins.
Flowers, C., & Robinson, B. E. (2002). A structural and discriminant analysis of the Work Addiction Risk Test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62, 517-526.
Gorgievski, M.J., Bakker, A.B. (2010). Passion for work: Work engagement versus workaholism. In S.L. Albrecht (Ed.), Handbook of employee engagement: Perspectives, issues, research and practice (pp. 264-271). Glos, UK: Edward Elgar
Haymon, S. (1992). The relationship of work addiction and depression, anxiety, and anger in college males. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. Florida State University.
Hambleton, R.K., Merenda, P., Spielberger, C. (Eds.) (2005). Adapting educational and psychological tests in cross-cultural assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Publishers.
Hamermesh, D.S., J.B. Slemrod. (2008). The economics of workaholism: we should not have worked on this paper, The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, Vol. 8: Iss. 1(Contributions), Article 3.
Harpaz, I. and Snir, R. (2003) Workaholism: Its definition and nature. Human Relations 56:291-319.
Kanai, A., Wakabayashi, M., & Fling, S. (1996). Workaholism among employees in Japanese corporations: An examination based on the Japanese version of the Workaholism Scales. Japanese Psychological Research, 38, 192-203.
Klaft, R.P., Kleiner, B.H. (1988). Understanding workaholics. Business, 33, 37-40.
Lawler, E.E. (1971). Pay and organizational effectiveness: A psychological view. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Machlowitz, M. (1980). Workaholics: Living with them, working with them. New York: Simon & Schuster.
McMillan, L.H.W., O’Driscoll, M.P., Marsh, N.V., & Brady, E.C. (2001). Understanding workaholism: Data synthesis, theoretical critique, and future design strategies. International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 69-91.
McMillan, L.H.W., Brady, E.C., O’Driscoll, M.P., & Marsh, N. (2002). A multifaceted validation study of Spence and Robbins’ (1992) Workaholism Battery. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 357-368.
Morgan, G. (1998). Images of Organization-The Executive Edition. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Morris, S. & Chaney, N. (1983, June 17). Workaholism: Thank God it’s Monday. Psychology Today, p.88.
Naughton, T.J.(1987). A conceptual view of workaholism and implications for career counseling and research. Career Development Quarterly, 6, 180-7.
Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K. L., Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: a conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 111-136.
Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Oates,W.(1971). Confessions of a workaholic: The facts about work addictions. New York, NY: World.
Porter, G. (1996). Organizational impact of workaholism: Suggestions for researching the negative outcomes of excessive work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 70-84.
Robinson, B.E. (2000). Workaholism: Bridging the gap between workplace, sociocultural, and family research. Journal of Employment Counseling, 37, 31-47.
Robinson, B.E. (1999). The work addiction risk test: development of a tentative measure of workaholism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 199-210.
Robinson, B. E. (1998). Chained to the desk: A guidebook for workaholics, their partners and children and the clinician who treat them. New York, NY: NYU Press.
Robinson, B.E. (1999). The Work Addiction Risk Test: Development of a tentative measure of workaholism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 199-210.
Robinson, B. E. (2000). A typology of workaholics with implications for clinicians. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 21, 34-49.
Robinson, B. E., & Post, P. (1997). Risk of addiction to work and family functioning. Psychological Reports, 81, 91-95.
Schaef, A.W., Fassel, D.(1988). The addictive organization. San Francisco, CA: Harper Row.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B.(2003). UWES - Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Test Manual. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Department of Psychology, Utrecht University.
Schaufeli, W. (2004). The Dutch Work Addiction Scale(DUWAS). Available: http://www.schaufeli.com/downloads/tests/Scoring%20DUWAS.pdf (July 4,2010).
Schaufeli, W.B., Taris, T.W., Bakker, A.(2006). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide: On the Differences between Work Engagement and Workaholism In R. Burke (Ed.): Research Companion to Working time and Work Addiction. Edward Elgar: Northampton, MA, pp. 193-217.
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. and Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, Burnout and Work Engagement: Three of a Kind or Three Different Kinds of Employee Well-being. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57 (2), 173-203.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. and Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30 (7), 893-917.
Senholzi, M. (2008). The validation and generalization of the Work Attitudes and Behaviors Inventory (WABI). Dissertation Abstracts International, 68, Retrieved from PsycINFO database.
Sharma, J., Sharma, P. (2011). Workaholism and Its Correlates: A Study of Academicians. International Journal of Management and Business Research, 1 (3), 151-160.
Spence, J. T., Robbins, A.S. (1992). Workaholism: definition, measurement and preliminary results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(1), 160-178.
Sprankle, J.K, Ebel, H. (1987). The workaholic syndrome. New York: Walker
Taris, T., Schaufeli, W.B. (2003). About the Conceptualization and Consequences of Workaholism. De Psycheoloog, 38, 506-512.
Taris, T.W., Geurts, S.A.E., Schaufeli, W.B., Blonk, R.W.B. & Lagerveld, S. (2008), “All day and all of the night: the relative contribution of workaholism components to well-being among self-employed workers”, Work and Stress, 22, 153-65.
Taris, T.W., Schaufeli, W.B. & Shimazu, A. (2009), “The push and pull of work: the differences between workaholism and work engagement”, in Bakker & Leiter (eds), pp. 39-53.
Vallerand, R.J. (2008). On the psychology of passion: in search of what makes people’s lives most worth living. Canadian Psychology, 49, 1–13.
Van de Vijver, F.R., Hambleton, R.K. (1996). Translating tests: some practical practical guidelines. European Psychologist, 1(2), 89-99.
Bakker, A.B., Schaufeli, W.B., Leiter, M.P., Taris, T.W.(2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22, 187 - 200.
Brislin, R.W. (1970). Back-translation for crosscultural research. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 185-216.
Burke, R. J. (2001). Workaholism components, job satisfaction, and career progress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(11), 2339-2356.
Burke, R. J. (2000b). Workaholism and divorce. Psychological Reports, 86, 219-220.
Butcher, J. N., Gur, R.(1974). A Hebrew translation of the MMPI: An assessment of translation adequacy and preliminary validation. Journal of Crosscultural Psychology, 5, 220-228.
Chonko, L.B. (1983). Job involvement as obsession-compulsion: Some preliminary findings. Psychological Reports, 53, 1191-1197.
Clark, L. A., McEwen, J. L., Collard, L. M., Hickok, L. G. (1993). Symptoms and traits of personality disorder: Two new methods for their assessment. Psychological Assessment, 5, 81-91.
Del Libano, M., Llorens, S., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. (2010). Validity of a brief workaholism scale. Psicothema, 22(1), 143-150.
Fassel, D. (1990). Working ourselves to death; the high cost of workaholism, the rewards of recovery. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins.
Flowers, C., & Robinson, B. E. (2002). A structural and discriminant analysis of the Work Addiction Risk Test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62, 517-526.
Gorgievski, M.J., Bakker, A.B. (2010). Passion for work: Work engagement versus workaholism. In S.L. Albrecht (Ed.), Handbook of employee engagement: Perspectives, issues, research and practice (pp. 264-271). Glos, UK: Edward Elgar
Haymon, S. (1992). The relationship of work addiction and depression, anxiety, and anger in college males. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. Florida State University.
Hambleton, R.K., Merenda, P., Spielberger, C. (Eds.) (2005). Adapting educational and psychological tests in cross-cultural assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Publishers.
Hamermesh, D.S., J.B. Slemrod. (2008). The economics of workaholism: we should not have worked on this paper, The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, Vol. 8: Iss. 1(Contributions), Article 3.
Harpaz, I. and Snir, R. (2003) Workaholism: Its definition and nature. Human Relations 56:291-319.
Kanai, A., Wakabayashi, M., & Fling, S. (1996). Workaholism among employees in Japanese corporations: An examination based on the Japanese version of the Workaholism Scales. Japanese Psychological Research, 38, 192-203.
Klaft, R.P., Kleiner, B.H. (1988). Understanding workaholics. Business, 33, 37-40.
Lawler, E.E. (1971). Pay and organizational effectiveness: A psychological view. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Machlowitz, M. (1980). Workaholics: Living with them, working with them. New York: Simon & Schuster.
McMillan, L.H.W., O’Driscoll, M.P., Marsh, N.V., & Brady, E.C. (2001). Understanding workaholism: Data synthesis, theoretical critique, and future design strategies. International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 69-91.
McMillan, L.H.W., Brady, E.C., O’Driscoll, M.P., & Marsh, N. (2002). A multifaceted validation study of Spence and Robbins’ (1992) Workaholism Battery. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 357-368.
Morgan, G. (1998). Images of Organization-The Executive Edition. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Morris, S. & Chaney, N. (1983, June 17). Workaholism: Thank God it’s Monday. Psychology Today, p.88.
Naughton, T.J.(1987). A conceptual view of workaholism and implications for career counseling and research. Career Development Quarterly, 6, 180-7.
Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K. L., Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: a conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 111-136.
Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Oates,W.(1971). Confessions of a workaholic: The facts about work addictions. New York, NY: World.
Porter, G. (1996). Organizational impact of workaholism: Suggestions for researching the negative outcomes of excessive work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 70-84.
Robinson, B.E. (2000). Workaholism: Bridging the gap between workplace, sociocultural, and family research. Journal of Employment Counseling, 37, 31-47.
Robinson, B.E. (1999). The work addiction risk test: development of a tentative measure of workaholism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 199-210.
Robinson, B. E. (1998). Chained to the desk: A guidebook for workaholics, their partners and children and the clinician who treat them. New York, NY: NYU Press.
Robinson, B.E. (1999). The Work Addiction Risk Test: Development of a tentative measure of workaholism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 199-210.
Robinson, B. E. (2000). A typology of workaholics with implications for clinicians. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 21, 34-49.
Robinson, B. E., & Post, P. (1997). Risk of addiction to work and family functioning. Psychological Reports, 81, 91-95.
Schaef, A.W., Fassel, D.(1988). The addictive organization. San Francisco, CA: Harper Row.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B.(2003). UWES - Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Test Manual. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Department of Psychology, Utrecht University.
Schaufeli, W. (2004). The Dutch Work Addiction Scale(DUWAS). Available: http://www.schaufeli.com/downloads/tests/Scoring%20DUWAS.pdf (July 4,2010).
Schaufeli, W.B., Taris, T.W., Bakker, A.(2006). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide: On the Differences between Work Engagement and Workaholism In R. Burke (Ed.): Research Companion to Working time and Work Addiction. Edward Elgar: Northampton, MA, pp. 193-217.
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. and Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, Burnout and Work Engagement: Three of a Kind or Three Different Kinds of Employee Well-being. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57 (2), 173-203.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. and Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30 (7), 893-917.
Senholzi, M. (2008). The validation and generalization of the Work Attitudes and Behaviors Inventory (WABI). Dissertation Abstracts International, 68, Retrieved from PsycINFO database.
Sharma, J., Sharma, P. (2011). Workaholism and Its Correlates: A Study of Academicians. International Journal of Management and Business Research, 1 (3), 151-160.
Spence, J. T., Robbins, A.S. (1992). Workaholism: definition, measurement and preliminary results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(1), 160-178.
Sprankle, J.K, Ebel, H. (1987). The workaholic syndrome. New York: Walker
Taris, T., Schaufeli, W.B. (2003). About the Conceptualization and Consequences of Workaholism. De Psycheoloog, 38, 506-512.
Taris, T.W., Geurts, S.A.E., Schaufeli, W.B., Blonk, R.W.B. & Lagerveld, S. (2008), “All day and all of the night: the relative contribution of workaholism components to well-being among self-employed workers”, Work and Stress, 22, 153-65.
Taris, T.W., Schaufeli, W.B. & Shimazu, A. (2009), “The push and pull of work: the differences between workaholism and work engagement”, in Bakker & Leiter (eds), pp. 39-53.
Vallerand, R.J. (2008). On the psychology of passion: in search of what makes people’s lives most worth living. Canadian Psychology, 49, 1–13.
Van de Vijver, F.R., Hambleton, R.K. (1996). Translating tests: some practical practical guidelines. European Psychologist, 1(2), 89-99.