Empirical exploration of the circumplex model and subjective well-being on employees
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the circumplex model of emotions and its relatedness with work attitudes (i.e., work engagement, job satisfaction, burnout, and workaholism). Positive affects relate to specific attitudes that enhance individuals’ wellbeing (i.e., work engagement and job satisfaction) while negative emotions emerge into feelings of burnout and workaholism. The questionnaires were to a convenient sample of 178 employees. The present study approaches the proposed hypotheses as follows: first, we have conducted a principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the number of components in which affective descriptors load. Second, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to estimate the degree of fitness of our gathered data and the 4-factor model of subjective well-being. Third, multidimensional scaling was used to map the similarity between affective descriptors as well as the circular order of affects. Last, to investigate the relatedness of affective descriptors with work attitudes, Pearson correlation has been used. Findings of our study supported the circumplex model of affects as well as their relatedness with job attitudes. Theoretical and practical contributions are also discussed.
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Zanfirescu, Șerban A., Butucescu, A., & Iliescu, D. (2019). Empirical exploration of the circumplex model and subjective well-being on employees. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 15(2), 125–137. Retrieved from https://www.hrp-journal.com/index.php/pru/article/view/45
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Research articles
References
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Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Work engagement: Further reflections on the state of play. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.546711
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Bakker, A. B., & Oerlemans, W. (2011). Subjective well-being in organizations. In K. Cameron & G. Spreitzer (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship (pp. 178–189). Oxford University Press.
Balducci, C., Cecchin, M., Fraccaroli, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Exploring the relationship between workaholism and workplace aggressive behaviour: The role of job-related emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.004
Barrett, L. F., & Russell, J. A. (1999). The structure of current affect controversies and emerging consensus. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(1), 10–14.
Brackett, M. A., Palomera, R., Mojsa-Kaja, J., Reyes, M. R., & Salovey, P. (2010). Emotion-regulation ability, burnout, and job satisfaction among British secondary-school teachers. Psychology in the Schools, 47(4), 406–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20478
Bush, L. E. (1973). Individual differences multidimensional scaling of adjectives denoting feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034274
Butucescu, A., & Uscătescu, L. (2013). What does the Romanian workaholic look like? A first glimpse into the links between workaholism and employee characteristics; a validation attempt of DUWAS scale. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 11(1), 17.
Butucescu, A., Zanfirescu, Șerban A., & Iliescu, D. (2017). Construct validity of the IWP Multi-Affect Indicator scale in Romanian work environment. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 15, 42–55. https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.2017.1.4
Cameron, K. S., & Spreitzer, G. M. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. Oxford University Press, USA.
Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Stevens, G. W., Howell, J. W., & Scruggs, R. S. (2014). Workaholism, Work Engagement and Work–Home Outcomes: Exploring the Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Emotions. Stress and Health, 30(4), 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2511
Connolly, J. J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2000). The role of affectivity in job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(2), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00192-0
Dittmann, A. T. (1972). Interpersonal messages of emotion. Springer Pub. Co.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367–1377. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. (2013). (Version 23.0) [Windows]. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Innanen, H., Tolvanen, A., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2014). Burnout, work engagement and workaholism among highly educated employees: Profiles, antecedents and outcomes. Burnout Research, 1(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2014.04.001
Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. Academic Press.
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human Emotions. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. (M. S. Clark, Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: SAGE Publications.
Mäkikangas, A., Rantanen, J., Bakker, A. B., Kinnunen, M.-L., Pulkkinen, L., & Kokko, K. (2015). The Circumplex Model of Occupational Well-being: Its Relation with Personality. Journal for Person-Oriented Research, 1(3), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2015.11
Mäkikangas, A., Schaufeli, W. B., Leskinen, E., Kinnunen, U., Hyvönen, K., & Feldt, T. (2015). Long-Term Development of Employee Well-Being: A Latent Transition Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 2325–2345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9696-7
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1981). MBI: Maslach burnout inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Zalaquett, C. P., & Wood, R. J. (1997). Evaluating stress: A book of resources (Vol. 3). USA: Scarecrow.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Neufeld, R. W. (1975). A multidimensional scaling analysis of schizophrenics’ and normals’ perceptions of verbal similarity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84(5), 498–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077122
Neufeld, R. W. (1976). Simultaneous processing of multiple stimulus dimensions among paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 11(4), 425–441. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1104_4
Nowlis, V. (1965). Research with the Mood Adjective Check List. In S. Tompkins & C. E. Izard (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and personality: Empirical studies (p. 464). Oxford, England: Springer.
Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 144–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00144
Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., Schaufeli, W. B., & van Wijhe, C. I. (2012). Good morning, good day: A diary study on positive emotions, hope, and work engagement. Human Relations, 65(9), 1129–1154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726711429382
Parker, S. K., & Griffin, M. A. (2011). Understanding active psychological states: Embedding engagement in a wider nomological net and closer attention to performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.532869
Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. Harpercollins College Division.
Plutchik, R. (1991). The emotions. University Press of America.
R Core Team. (2016). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 3.3.1). Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
Remington, N. A., Fabrigar, L. R., & Visser, P. S. (2000). Reexamining the circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 286–300.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145.
Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125(1), 3–30.
Salanova, M., Del Líbano, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2014). Engaged, workaholic, burned-out or just 9-to-5? Toward a typology of employee well-being. Stress and Health, 30(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2499
Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). What is engagement? In C. Truss, R. Alfes, A. Delbridge, A. Shantz, & E. Soane (Eds.), Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Work engagement: Further reflections on the state of play. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.546711
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Bakker, A. B., & Oerlemans, W. (2011). Subjective well-being in organizations. In K. Cameron & G. Spreitzer (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship (pp. 178–189). Oxford University Press.
Balducci, C., Cecchin, M., Fraccaroli, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Exploring the relationship between workaholism and workplace aggressive behaviour: The role of job-related emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.004
Barrett, L. F., & Russell, J. A. (1999). The structure of current affect controversies and emerging consensus. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(1), 10–14.
Brackett, M. A., Palomera, R., Mojsa-Kaja, J., Reyes, M. R., & Salovey, P. (2010). Emotion-regulation ability, burnout, and job satisfaction among British secondary-school teachers. Psychology in the Schools, 47(4), 406–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20478
Bush, L. E. (1973). Individual differences multidimensional scaling of adjectives denoting feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034274
Butucescu, A., & Uscătescu, L. (2013). What does the Romanian workaholic look like? A first glimpse into the links between workaholism and employee characteristics; a validation attempt of DUWAS scale. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 11(1), 17.
Butucescu, A., Zanfirescu, Șerban A., & Iliescu, D. (2017). Construct validity of the IWP Multi-Affect Indicator scale in Romanian work environment. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 15, 42–55. https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.2017.1.4
Cameron, K. S., & Spreitzer, G. M. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. Oxford University Press, USA.
Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Stevens, G. W., Howell, J. W., & Scruggs, R. S. (2014). Workaholism, Work Engagement and Work–Home Outcomes: Exploring the Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Emotions. Stress and Health, 30(4), 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2511
Connolly, J. J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2000). The role of affectivity in job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(2), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00192-0
Dittmann, A. T. (1972). Interpersonal messages of emotion. Springer Pub. Co.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367–1377. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. (2013). (Version 23.0) [Windows]. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Innanen, H., Tolvanen, A., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2014). Burnout, work engagement and workaholism among highly educated employees: Profiles, antecedents and outcomes. Burnout Research, 1(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2014.04.001
Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. Academic Press.
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human Emotions. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. (M. S. Clark, Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: SAGE Publications.
Mäkikangas, A., Rantanen, J., Bakker, A. B., Kinnunen, M.-L., Pulkkinen, L., & Kokko, K. (2015). The Circumplex Model of Occupational Well-being: Its Relation with Personality. Journal for Person-Oriented Research, 1(3), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2015.11
Mäkikangas, A., Schaufeli, W. B., Leskinen, E., Kinnunen, U., Hyvönen, K., & Feldt, T. (2015). Long-Term Development of Employee Well-Being: A Latent Transition Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 2325–2345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9696-7
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1981). MBI: Maslach burnout inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Zalaquett, C. P., & Wood, R. J. (1997). Evaluating stress: A book of resources (Vol. 3). USA: Scarecrow.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Neufeld, R. W. (1975). A multidimensional scaling analysis of schizophrenics’ and normals’ perceptions of verbal similarity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84(5), 498–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077122
Neufeld, R. W. (1976). Simultaneous processing of multiple stimulus dimensions among paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 11(4), 425–441. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1104_4
Nowlis, V. (1965). Research with the Mood Adjective Check List. In S. Tompkins & C. E. Izard (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and personality: Empirical studies (p. 464). Oxford, England: Springer.
Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 144–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00144
Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., Schaufeli, W. B., & van Wijhe, C. I. (2012). Good morning, good day: A diary study on positive emotions, hope, and work engagement. Human Relations, 65(9), 1129–1154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726711429382
Parker, S. K., & Griffin, M. A. (2011). Understanding active psychological states: Embedding engagement in a wider nomological net and closer attention to performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.532869
Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. Harpercollins College Division.
Plutchik, R. (1991). The emotions. University Press of America.
R Core Team. (2016). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 3.3.1). Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
Remington, N. A., Fabrigar, L. R., & Visser, P. S. (2000). Reexamining the circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 286–300.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145.
Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125(1), 3–30.
Salanova, M., Del Líbano, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2014). Engaged, workaholic, burned-out or just 9-to-5? Toward a typology of employee well-being. Stress and Health, 30(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2499
Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). What is engagement? In C. Truss, R. Alfes, A. Delbridge, A. Shantz, & E. Soane (Eds.), Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471