Construct validity of the IWP Multi-Affect Indicator scale in Romanian work environment
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the construct validity of the IWP Multi-Affect Indicator scale. A questionnaire was administered to an occupationally heterogeneous sample of 341 employees. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine the factor validity of the questionnaire. We employed network analysis as a novel approach to elucidate differential relationships involving the IWP Multi-Affect Indicator’s four-factor structure. CFA results revealed satisfactory model fit, ,best represented by a 4-factor model for the Romanian sample, while network analysis confirmed the relationships between items and factors. We have concluded that this questionnaire is suitable to measure differentiated core affects among Romanian employees.
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Butucescu, A., Zanfirescu, Șerban-A., & Iliescu, D. (2019). Construct validity of the IWP Multi-Affect Indicator scale in Romanian work environment. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 15(1), 42–55. Retrieved from https://www.hrp-journal.com/index.php/pru/article/view/59
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Research articles
References
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Chaplin, T. M., & Aldao, A. (2013). Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 735–765. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030737
Cifre, E., & Salanova, M. (2002). Multidimensionality and bipolarity of a Spanish version of Warr’s (1990) well-being measures. The Journal of Psychology, 136(1), 69–74.
Daniels, K. (2000). Measures of Five Aspects of Affective Well-Being at Work. Human Relations, 53(2), 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700532005
Daniels, K., Brough, P., Guppy, A., Peters-Bean, K. M., & Weatherstone, L. (1997). A note on a modification to Warr’s measures of affective well-being at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(2), 129–138.
Daniels, K., & Guppy, A. (1994). Relationships between aspects of work-related psychological well-being. The Journal of Psychology, 128(6), 691–694.
Darbyshire, P., Bell, R., & McDonald, H. (2006). Testing the circumplex model of emotions in a consumer setting. In ANZMAC 2006: Advancing theory, maintaining relevance, proceedings. Queensland University of Technology, School of Advertising, Marketing and Public Relations. Retrieved from http://dro.deakin.edu.au/view/DU:30009770
Domes, G., Schulze, L., Böttger, M., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Wirtz, P. H., … Herpertz, S. C. (2010). The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Human Brain Mapping, 31(5), 758–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20903
Dyne, L. V., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359–1392.
Epskamp, S. (2014). semPlot: Path diagrams and visual analysis of various SEM packages’ output (Version 1.0.1). Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/semPlot/index.html
Epskamp, S., Cramer, O. J. A., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V., & Borsboom, D. (2012). qgraph: Network Visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(4). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i04
Gonçalves, S., & Neves, J. (2011). Factorial validation of Warr’s well-being measure: a sample study on police officers. Retrieved from https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/handle/10071/8285
Hosie, P. J., & Sevastos, P. P. (2010). A framework for conceiving of job-related affective wellbeing. Management Revue, 406–436.
Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 684–696. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.4.684
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. (M. S. Clark, Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: SAGE Publications.
Madrid, H. P., & Patterson, M. G. (2014). Measuring affect at work based on the valence and arousal circumplex model. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17(e50), 1–12.
Mäkikangas, A., Feldt, T., & Kinnunen, U. (2007). Warr’s scale of job-related affective well-being: A longitudinal examination of its structure and relationships with work characteristics. Work & Stress, 21(3), 197–219.
Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 144–167. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00144
Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making Things Happen: A Model of Proactive Motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827–856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310363732
Posner, J., Russell, J. A., & Peterson, B. S. (2005). The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17(03), 715–734.
R Core Team. (2016). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 3.3.1). Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
Remington, N. A., Fabrigar, L. R., & Visser, P. S. (2000). Reexamining the circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 286-???.
Russell, J. A. (1979). Affective space is bipolar. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 345-356.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125(1), 3-30.
Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). What is engagement? In C. Truss, K. Alfes, R. Delbridge, A. Shantz, & E. Soane (Eds.), Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice (p. 15). London: Routledge.
Schlosberg, H. (1954). Three dimensions of emotion. Psychological Review, 61(2), 81. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0054570
Sevastos, P., Smith, L., & Cordery, J. L. (1992). Evidence on the reliability and construct validity of Warr’s (1990) well-being and mental health measures. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65(1), 33–49.
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 269–292.
Van Horn, J. E., Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. (2004). The structure of occupational well-being: A study among Dutch teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(3), 365–375.
Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Using the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 219–230.
Veenhoven, R. (2012). Cross-national differences in happiness: Cultural measurement bias or effect of culture? International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(4). Retrieved from http://www.internationaljournalofwellbeing.org/index.php/ijow/article/view/98
Warr, P. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Oxford University Press.
Warr, P. (1990a). Decision latitude, job demands, and employee well-being. Work & Stress, 4(4), 285–294.
Warr, P. (1990b). The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(3), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x
Warr, P. (1994). A conceptual framework for the study of work and mental health. Work & Stress, 8(2), 84–97.
Warr, P. (2013). Jobs and Job-holders: Two Sources of Happiness and Unhappiness. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557257.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199557257-e-054
Warr, P., Bindl, U., Parker, S. K., & Inceoglu, I. (2014a). Four-quadrant investigation of job-related affects and behaviours. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 342–363. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.744449
Warr, P., Bindl, U., Parker, S. K., & Inceoglu, I. (2014b). IWP multi-affect Indicator. Psychology, 23, 342–363.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 219-235.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1999). Issues in dimensional structure of affect—Effects of descriptors, measurement error, and response formats: Comment on Russell and Carroll (1999). Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/125/5/601/
Wundt, W. M. (1897). Outlines of psychology (3rd ed.). Leipzig, Germany: W. Engelmann.
Yik, M., Russell, J. A., & Steiger, J. H. (2011). A 12-point circumplex structure of core affect. Emotion, 11(4), 705-731.
Yves, R. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Bindl, U. K., Parker, S. K., Totterdell, P., & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2012). Fuel of the self-starter: How mood relates to proactive goal regulation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 134–150.
Burke, M. J., Brief, A. P., George, J. M., Roberson, L., & Webster, J. (1989). Measuring affect at work: Confirmatory analyses of competing mood structures with conceptual linkage to cortical regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1091–1102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1091
Chaplin, T. M., & Aldao, A. (2013). Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 735–765. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030737
Cifre, E., & Salanova, M. (2002). Multidimensionality and bipolarity of a Spanish version of Warr’s (1990) well-being measures. The Journal of Psychology, 136(1), 69–74.
Daniels, K. (2000). Measures of Five Aspects of Affective Well-Being at Work. Human Relations, 53(2), 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700532005
Daniels, K., Brough, P., Guppy, A., Peters-Bean, K. M., & Weatherstone, L. (1997). A note on a modification to Warr’s measures of affective well-being at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(2), 129–138.
Daniels, K., & Guppy, A. (1994). Relationships between aspects of work-related psychological well-being. The Journal of Psychology, 128(6), 691–694.
Darbyshire, P., Bell, R., & McDonald, H. (2006). Testing the circumplex model of emotions in a consumer setting. In ANZMAC 2006: Advancing theory, maintaining relevance, proceedings. Queensland University of Technology, School of Advertising, Marketing and Public Relations. Retrieved from http://dro.deakin.edu.au/view/DU:30009770
Domes, G., Schulze, L., Böttger, M., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Wirtz, P. H., … Herpertz, S. C. (2010). The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Human Brain Mapping, 31(5), 758–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20903
Dyne, L. V., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359–1392.
Epskamp, S. (2014). semPlot: Path diagrams and visual analysis of various SEM packages’ output (Version 1.0.1). Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/semPlot/index.html
Epskamp, S., Cramer, O. J. A., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V., & Borsboom, D. (2012). qgraph: Network Visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(4). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i04
Gonçalves, S., & Neves, J. (2011). Factorial validation of Warr’s well-being measure: a sample study on police officers. Retrieved from https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/handle/10071/8285
Hosie, P. J., & Sevastos, P. P. (2010). A framework for conceiving of job-related affective wellbeing. Management Revue, 406–436.
Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 684–696. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.4.684
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. (M. S. Clark, Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: SAGE Publications.
Madrid, H. P., & Patterson, M. G. (2014). Measuring affect at work based on the valence and arousal circumplex model. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17(e50), 1–12.
Mäkikangas, A., Feldt, T., & Kinnunen, U. (2007). Warr’s scale of job-related affective well-being: A longitudinal examination of its structure and relationships with work characteristics. Work & Stress, 21(3), 197–219.
Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 144–167. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00144
Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making Things Happen: A Model of Proactive Motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827–856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310363732
Posner, J., Russell, J. A., & Peterson, B. S. (2005). The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17(03), 715–734.
R Core Team. (2016). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 3.3.1). Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
Remington, N. A., Fabrigar, L. R., & Visser, P. S. (2000). Reexamining the circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 286-???.
Russell, J. A. (1979). Affective space is bipolar. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 345-356.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125(1), 3-30.
Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). What is engagement? In C. Truss, K. Alfes, R. Delbridge, A. Shantz, & E. Soane (Eds.), Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice (p. 15). London: Routledge.
Schlosberg, H. (1954). Three dimensions of emotion. Psychological Review, 61(2), 81. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0054570
Sevastos, P., Smith, L., & Cordery, J. L. (1992). Evidence on the reliability and construct validity of Warr’s (1990) well-being and mental health measures. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65(1), 33–49.
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 269–292.
Van Horn, J. E., Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. (2004). The structure of occupational well-being: A study among Dutch teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(3), 365–375.
Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Using the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 219–230.
Veenhoven, R. (2012). Cross-national differences in happiness: Cultural measurement bias or effect of culture? International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(4). Retrieved from http://www.internationaljournalofwellbeing.org/index.php/ijow/article/view/98
Warr, P. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Oxford University Press.
Warr, P. (1990a). Decision latitude, job demands, and employee well-being. Work & Stress, 4(4), 285–294.
Warr, P. (1990b). The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(3), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x
Warr, P. (1994). A conceptual framework for the study of work and mental health. Work & Stress, 8(2), 84–97.
Warr, P. (2013). Jobs and Job-holders: Two Sources of Happiness and Unhappiness. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557257.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199557257-e-054
Warr, P., Bindl, U., Parker, S. K., & Inceoglu, I. (2014a). Four-quadrant investigation of job-related affects and behaviours. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 342–363. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.744449
Warr, P., Bindl, U., Parker, S. K., & Inceoglu, I. (2014b). IWP multi-affect Indicator. Psychology, 23, 342–363.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 219-235.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1999). Issues in dimensional structure of affect—Effects of descriptors, measurement error, and response formats: Comment on Russell and Carroll (1999). Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/125/5/601/
Wundt, W. M. (1897). Outlines of psychology (3rd ed.). Leipzig, Germany: W. Engelmann.
Yik, M., Russell, J. A., & Steiger, J. H. (2011). A 12-point circumplex structure of core affect. Emotion, 11(4), 705-731.
Yves, R. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02